Why Humanities?

Before I even knew to call the Humanities by that name, I loved the study. Before we had high-speed internet. I was searching through books and an old encyclopedia discarded from the library for things about history and old buildings and languages and such. I read Beowulf during summer vacation -- for fun. (Yes, weird idea of fun.) Now that I'm a humanities major, I've asked myself sometimes, why humanities? That is, beyond satisfying my curiosity, what's it good for?

I think of a Dr. Who episode I saw, one of the early ones, when the Doctor was a grouchy, arrogant old man. He knew a lot about history and science. When he and some others got into a jam, he wanted to escape and save himself. By the end of the episode, however, he came to realize that he could, and ought to use his knowledge for the good of others.

A lot of people have asked me what I want to do with humanities. I've decided that whatever I do, I want to put it to good use. I don't want to just learn things, and then be confined to academia with them. I want to share them in ways that are meaningful to people in general, that can make a positive difference for them if they care to lend their attention. I don't want to belike Queen Jadis and Uncle Andrew in C. S. Lewis' The Magician's Nephew, who thought they had a “high and lonely destiny.” I believe we all have a high destiny that we can reach if we want it. I want to use what I learn to help people see that. ...And I'll tell you right now, I'm not the most brilliant person in the world, but I'll do my best.

So, how can the study of humanities be useful and beneficial? Here are some examples:

• We can learn from history. What went well? What mistakes were made, so we don't repeat them? What kind of an effect did such-and-such have? If we're doing the same things those people did, what are we headed for?
  
• We can learn from literature and other art forms. Stories can actually make a difference if we ask ourselves questions as we read, find answers, and apply what we learn. Then, they mean something to us. Now, I'll admit. I didn't always enjoy English classes in middle and high school. You may be surprised, seeing how much I've been writing these days. Well, the reason is that everything we studied was depressing! Again, we learn from mistakes, but that's not all there is. Let's observe the triumphs, too. There are stories that inspire, like the brave deeds in tales that Sam Gamgee spoke of in J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings.
  
  
  “The brave things in the old tales and songs, Mr. Frodo: adventures, as I used to call them. I used to think that they were things the wonderful folk of the stories went out and looked for, because they wanted them, because they were exciting and life was a bit dull, a kind of sport, as you might say. But that's not the way of it with the tales that really mattered, or the ones that stay in the mind. Folk seem to have been just landed in them, usually—their paths were laid that way, as you put it. But I expect they had lots of chances, like us, of turning back, only they didn't.” (The Two Towers, pg. 362)

We're each in our own tale with our own brave deeds to accomplish. What are yours?

• Learn from the masters of the arts, take from what you observe, and create something – like the greatest composers, who were innovative because they were familiar with the musical rules and patterns already in place. Beethoven, the bridge between musical classicism and romanticism, knew the forms and techniques and was able launch off of that to open a new era for music.
  
• If we discover and preserve the past, we can connect to it. A lot of this may be more under anthropology, but much of the study of humanities depends upon it. Come to think of it, it is necessary to discover and preserve the present as well. If someone is hiding out in a cabin painting masterpieces, then burning them, it doesn't help us at all. Sadly, many things have been burned or destroyed in some way, but the more we can find of what remains, the more we can understand. My hope is that more discoveries and breakthroughs in preservation techniques will improve accuracy and better complete our knowledge – and therefore make genealogy a lot easier! Have you ever traced a family line back to some Trojans and wondered if it was at all correct? I have. For one thing, we would probably still be thinking Troy was totally a matter of myth if someone – namely, Heinrich Schliemann – hadn't found and dug it up (very carefully).

So, in conclusion, the study of humanities isn't a bunch of fluff for boring lectures. (Actually,most people I've talked to say they enjoyed their humanities classes.) I intend to make what I study worth something.

Hojas / Leaves

Here's my first attempt at poetry in Spanish. It came to me while I was driving home from work one day. It may not be the best Spanish, but I thought it was worth a try.

Hojas
Corriendo en el viento
encima de la calle.
Se mueven rápidamente,
Pero son enlazados con la tierra.

Aves
Bailando en el cielo
arriba de la tierra.
Gritan. lloran,
porque todavía no pueden escapar.

Nosotros
Mirando hacia arriba.
No tenemos alas. Tenemos sueños.
Podemos volar
más allá que el cielo azul,
entre las estrellas
en hechos cotidianos,
buscando nuestro destino
divino.


Here's the English translation:

Leaves
Running in the wind
over the street.
They move fast,
but are tied to the earth.

Birds
Dancing in the sky
above the earth.
They cry
because still they can't escape.

We
Looking up
We have no wings. We have dreams.
We can fly
beyond the blue sky,
among the stars
in daily doings,
seeking our destiny
divine.

Well, I'm Back

Dear Readers,

I hope you've all been well this last year-and-a-half with you and your families. This time has gone by quickly for me. I was serving a full-time mission for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. It was a beautiful, challenging, eye-opening, edifying growing experience for me.

Now, you may have seen or met some missionaries from this church before. You may have ignored them. You may have listened a little. You may have taken up some of their invitations. So what are the missionaries there for, anyway? Simply stated, our purpose is to bring souls to Christ. A missionary is a representative of Christ. Now, that doesn't mean we're perfect, by any means. It does mean that we follow Him, and try to do and become as He does and is. It means that we are called by Him on His errand. It means that we have felt the power of His grace in our own lives, and want to help others have this too. We try to find people whose hearts have been prepared to receive the message, and we plant a lot of seeds along the way as well. Many times, it has amazed me how the Lord has led us to people, and them to us. His timing is perfect.

Some of you may be asking, "Why try to convert people if they already know Jesus?" I know that many of you are really, honestly seeking to follow Christ, and you love Him, and you've felt His love and forgiveness. We're not here to take any of that away. We're here to add truth and light to the truth you already treasure. As you learn more about the message we share, pay attention to those feelings of peace and love from the Savior that you may have felt before. Those feelings come from the Holy Spirit and will help you recognize truth.

John 14: 26-27

 26 But the Comforter, which is the Holy Ghost, whom the Father will send in my name, he shall teach you all things, and bring all things to your remembrance, whatsoever I have said unto you.

 27 Peace I leave with you, my peace I give unto you: not as the world giveth, give I unto you. Let not your heart be troubled, neither let it be afraid.

Then, act on what you learn so you can continue to feel that peace, continue to grow as a person, and come even closer to the Savior.

Another question you may be asking is "Why would you have any more truth to add to what we already have?"

To answer, let's rewind a few centuries. Many of you know about the prophets, like Noah, Abraham, Moses, etc. Why were they important? They received instruction from God, and guided the people accordingly. They taught the Gospel and prophesied of Christ's coming. One important thing to note was that they didn't choose themselves to be prophets. They were called by God to be His servants, and given His authority, or the priesthood. Now, when the people listened to them and obeyed, they were blessed. Many times, however, they chose not to listen, and they fell in darkness and unhappiness. When they were prepared to listen again, God, in His love and mercy, would call another prophet, like Moses, to guide them.

After one particular period of darkness, God sent His Son, Jesus Christ. He taught and served the people. He established His church and called the Twelve Apostles, including Peter, James, and John. Most importantly, He willingly suffered and died for our sins, so we can be repent and be forgiven, be cleansed, and someday live with our Heavenly Father again. After He was resurrected, He still guided the Apostles through revelation. They worked miracles, baptized and gave the Gift of the Holy Ghost by His power and authority. (See Acts 19:1-6 for an example.

The church grew, but there was a lot of opposition, and sadly, many of the members of the church were mislead and began to fall into things that weren't right. Eventually, most of the apostles were killed, and there was no one for them to pass the the priesthood, or authority to. People made unauthorized changes to the doctrine, or forgot parts of Christ's teachings. There was no prophet to receive revelation. (See Amos 8:11-12.) However, there have been over the years people who have recognized that there was something missing, and they honestly sought the truth. Some made reforms, which opened the way for more religious freedom, which helped prepare for the restoration of the true church of Jesus Christ.

Once again in his love and mercy, God again called a prophet to guide us, just like the prophets of old. He was an instrument in the hands of God to restore the Church of Jesus Christ. He also translated The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ by the power of God. The Book of Mormon, like the Bible was written by prophets -- just in another part of the world: the ancient Americas. It stands hand-in-hand with Bible to witness of Jesus Christ. It confirms and clarifies the truths taught in the Bible. God knew there would be a lot of confusion, so he provided the Book of Mormon. It is evidence that Joseph Smith was a true prophet and that the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints is the true chruch. I love the Book of Mormon, and I know it's true. It has helped me to come unto Christ, and I have seen it bless the lives of others.

You can know if these things are true for yourself as you read the Book of Mormon, ponder what you read, and pray in faith, asking if it's true. The Holy Ghost will let you know if it's true if you are sincere and are willing to act on the answer you get.

Moroni 10:3-5

 3 Behold, I would exhort you that when ye shall read these things, if it be wisdom in God that ye should read them, that ye would remember how merciful the Lord hath been unto the children of men, from the creation of Adam even down until the time that ye shall receive these things, and ponder it in your hearts.

 4 And when ye shall receive these things, I would exhort you that ye would ask God, the Eternal Father, in the name of Christ, if these things are not true; and if ye shall ask with a sincere heart, with real intent, having faith in Christ, he will manifest the truth of it unto you, by the power of the Holy Ghost.

 5 And by the power of the Holy Ghost ye may know the truth  of all things.

 Let me share one of my favorite scriptures from the Book of Mormon:

 2 Nephi 25:26

26 And we talk  of Christ, we rejoice in Christ, we preach of Christ, we prophesy of Christ, and we write according to our prophecies, that our children may know to what source they may look for a remission of their sins.

I invite you to read the Book of Mormon, you may read it online or request a free copy by following this link. http://www.lds.org/scriptures/bofm?lang=eng

See You in April 2013!

Dear Readers,

Thank you for being my readers!  I hope that my ramblings have been interesting to you, or at least prompted some thought.

Today, I am leaving, and won't be back for a year and a half. I have been called to serve as a missionary for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in Florida. I am excited to serve and teach the message of the Restored Gospel, which has blessed my life in many ways.

So, I will be back in 18 months. Take care!

My Heritage

Last fall in my English 251 class, in discussing Multiculturalism as a literary theory, we talked about how we can be Americans and still feel connections to our heritage from other places. Our text focused on African-Americans and the dual consciousness theory. Our instructor broadened the topic and asked us each to share a little something about our heritage.

Our discussion got me thinking about the irony of some of my older heritage coupled with my political ideology and my American patriotism. It should be noted that there is no such irony that pertains to my more recent ancestors. I have some ancestors from Scandinavia and England who settled in Colonial America. Some of the Hessians who defected to the Americans' side in the Revolution were my ancestors. In the 1800's some of my forbearers converted to Mormonism and came from England, Denmark, and Switzerland to escape persecution and to be with others of their faith. They were stalwart pioneers who worked for what they had and lived their religious convictions, even when it meant they had to give up comfort and convenience. My grandparents were part of the Greatest Generation, and both of my grandfathers put their lives on hold while they fought in WWII to defend their homeland. My parents carried on and created family traditions that taught us the value of family, moral principles, work, and service. All of these made possible many of the opportunities I have now.

Go back far enough along some of my lines, and you'll find noble families in England and France in the late Medieval period, and before then, kings and queens and emperors anywhere from Norway to Italy to Bohemia, and from anytime between the second or third century AD to the thirteenth. (Now, I do want to look at other sources and get second opinions just to make sure this is all true.) Look at my family lines, and you'll see the history of Medieval Europe pass before you. If you took them all literally, you'd also see some myths and semi-myths in my family history. (According to the download-able pedigrees on familysearch.org, I am a descendant of both Odin and Zeus.)

Empires

I have a few ancestors listed who were Roman emperors, but I'm a little dubious about that (...and I'm not too excited about being related to Tiberius or Nero). Neither Constantine nor Justinian is in my line, but there are emperors and empresses of the Macedonian Dynasty of Byzantium. Then, there are the Franks and their chieftains, Merovignian kings, and then Charlemagne of the Holy Roman Empire. His descendants married other royals from Italy and other places. I can assume that some of them took part in the Crusades because they died in the Middle East.

Scandinavians vs. Celts

Meanwhile, we have the Norsemen and their legends of Sigurd the dragon-slayer and his in-laws' ill-fated connection with Attila the Hun (Atli). Then we run into real kings like Harald Bluetooth. Several of the Scandinavian royals married or were related to Russian, Polish, and Ukrainian princes and princesses. I the fifth century, we have the Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain from Denmark. Then, because of royal people marrying other royal people, I have connections with ancient Welsh, Scottish, and Pictish kings. So now, we have the heptarchy in England. Then Alfred the Great, among others, unifies England and fights the vikings, also my ancestors.

Normans vs. Saxons

A couple hundred years later, back in Normandy, France, William starts eying England, then invades. More ancestors fighting ancestors. A few English kings and princesses are married to royals from places like Spain, Italy, Prussia, Germany, and Bohemia. From then on, I start to have more family in noble ranks and less in royalty. I am a descendant of Henry V's ancestors, (like Duncan of Scotland) but not him. I did have some ancestors follow him to France. One died at Harfleur, another at Agincourt.

My Heritage

Now, all the big names I've mentioned here are listed in my pedigree. These are the guys that kept records of their predecessors or made them into epic heroes and gods, and these are they guys in the history books and the Shakespeare plays. They're remembered by everyone. Here I am hundreds or thousands of years later at my desk at my house on a quiet street in rural Utah writing about them. Unlike them, I am only known by those I meet face-to-face. I am a middle-class college student who intends to raise a family and pursue whatever career I choose. I bow to no kings. I vote people into or out of office, and don't think they are superior to me. Instead of saying “Hail Obama. May he live forever,” I revere my grandparents and great-grandparents, etc. for making the decision to come here to be free, even when it meant great hardship and sacrifice, and then to defend that freedom when it was threatened. 

Further down the line, I will say that I appreciate Charlemagne's and Alfred's efforts to promote education in their time, but I don't think they were any less human than I am. They used their position for some good, but others in the same position have done great harm. 

I always remember my Furse family motto that came from the time when Furses were noble land-owners in Medieval England: Nec desit virus, or “Nor let Valour be lacking.” However, I don't want to think less of anyone else if they don't have family heraldry or lots of land. I don't think more of people just because they have big fancy houses and lots of shiny stuff.

I'll admit, it's kind of hard not to get a big head when I think of all the well-known names in my pedigree. I have to remember that there are places where the lines end abruptly, but there are still people there to be found: people who lived and dreamed just like me, but just aren't remembered by the world. I am glad that some people left records, even if it was only the kings and nobles. It gives me at least an outline of my long heritage, and it reminds me that I am standing here in a present that was built layer upon layer in the past. I am a part of the movements of people and ideas that have changed our world and our understanding of it over the centuries. My posterity will look back at me and say, “She was alive when 9/11 happened and during the War on Terror.” Or perhaps, “She lived in 21^st century America during the time of the republic. She was alive when... I wonder what she was thinking.” I hope I can leave them a legacy that they will be proud to remember, even if it's only remembered by them.

Below are a couple of links to resources I've been using for family history. FamilySearch.org is a free service, but as with anything, I like to get a second opinion if possible. I found the second website that I use to for this purpose for my medieval lines.

I've been using the older Family Search because I'm still trying to figure out the new one. If you can figure it out, great! If you do use this resource, you'll want to download the free PAF Family History software you see at the bottom left corner of the page. That way, you can save your findings on your computer and/or a removable disk. As you can see, there are also links to several helps like online classes, or you can find the nearest Family History Center where people are there to help you in your search.

FamilySearch.org
Foundation for Medieval Genealogy

My Book

When people hear that I am writing a book, they always ask what it's about. I don't mind them asking, but I find it hard to explain. I have lots of ideas of what it's all about, and it doesn't neatly fit into a genre, although you'd call it fantasy. As I've said many times, I like to call it a historical novel that takes place in another world.

Here's why it could be called a fantasy:

• It involves fantastic beings like sprites, goblins, people who live ten times longer than we do, and elves (I don't actually call them elves, but they're like the elves in Norse mythology: bright beings that live in a blessed realm).
• My protagonist is young, and it's a coming of age story for her.
• It involves “magical” objects:
  • Crowns that not only symbolize power, but have actual authority, either proper and overbearing.
• Lights contained in a glass that everyone possesses from birth that can give them guidance and show things as they really are.
• Keys that unlock doors that open into a land of peace and refuge -- and eventually more than that.
• Warfare between good and evil.

This is why it may not be a really typical fantasy:

• My protagonist is not “the chosen one”, neither is she on a clear-cut quest to save the world or a nation. Not everyone's life and freedom depends upon her. Each individual must decide which side he/she is on, whether to be free or to become a prisoner of evil.
• The arch villain is not a big evil dude that everybody recognizes. The evil dude targets mostly the mind, although he does exercise some influence over larger entities. In these cases, he mostly uses other people who have come under his influence to carry out his purposes.
• In all honesty, I have three main characters. The one I've been referring to (Winkle) is the main character of all main characters I suppose. I get into the heads of all three of them, but the story begins in Winkle's head. I follow the others' thoughts more directly as they separate and go in different directions. Their stories become just as important as Winkle's. Winkle is still the main protagonist because she is the youngest, and hers is the coming of age story. The other two have already grown up, but must unlearn some things, remember things, or build on what they've already learned.
• Magic isn't very heavily involved. Politics, characters' personalities and choices, and interactions between characters are pretty important to the story.

I still need to get to what the story is about -- but of course, I can't tell everything and give it away. So, it all takes place in an empire called Arlithed. It has a republican form of government, so it is ruled by an established Law that both the people and the government must be responsible too. At the point where the story begins, corrupt leaders are trying to maneuver around the law, the economy is going downhill, “secret combinations” are gaining power, etc. (Let me be clear that this isn't a pure allegory of the current American situation. I've looked into some histories of republican Rome and similar entities as well.) Not everyone knows about what is happening because news takes weeks or months to get to the outer reaches of the sprawling empire. (They didn't have the internet or TV.) Winkle, Lady Dorthea, and Lieutenant Wendil do know what's happening because they all work in the Forum at the capitol. As much as they try to correct the direction of the administration and save the empire, things fall apart. They struggle to find purpose in life as the world crumbles, and everything they cherished, built, and fought for is threatened by alternating anarchy and tyranny. They learn that they cannot successfully combat the forces of destruction without first finding and gaining strength from another power. This power works inside each individual, and then when those individuals are united in one purpose, they can defeat evil.

-->

Now, if that is all too vague, let me give you some ideas of what my story is not about, and maybe that will give you (and myself) a clearer idea of what it is about.

What it's not about.

What it is about.

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1. Villains:

In a lot of fantasy, sci-fi, and superhero stories, the villain is easily recognizable, even if he's called “the nameless one”. That's not always the way it works in real life. Sure, we have our Hitlers and Stalins. Even in those cases, people can't always tell who's the bad guy. A lot of people thought Hitler was great because he was a strong, charismatic leader and because he helped the economy. Very few people knew what was going on in the concentration camps until after the war. He was kind of like Saruman: a great speaker with a lot of blood and dirty deeds on his hands.

I'm convinced that the greatest battles we fight are within ourselves. No matter what forces or influences put pressure on us from the outside or the inside, the way our lives turn out, and the person we become is ultimately up to us. Remember the part in The Fellowship of the Ring where Frodo was on the seat of seeing with his ring on, and one power was pressuring him to leave it on, and another was pressuring him to take it off? Neither of those powers could decide for him. It was up to him. That's what I'm talking about. You can never honestly say, “The Devil made me do it” or “I am what I am” without acknowledging that you chose to give up some of your freedom.

So in my story, I want to show that everyone's fate doesn't depend on a single person, and that the evil dude has no power over anyone unless they let him have power over them. Circumstances are difficult for everyone, but they can still respond to what he or fate throws at them and choose sides.

As I've been writing, I've been thinking. The whole quest-that-depends-on-one-person story does have some merit. Even though we are free to choose, there is only one way for us to make it to where we want to go, and that way is only possible because of one person: Jesus Christ. Without His sacrifice, we would have no hope of ever making it home. We all make mistakes, but because of Him, we can all be forgiven, cleansed, strengthened, and transformed into something greater than we could ever imagine. Because of Him, we are free to choose. Now, it's up to us to use that freedom to turn away from evil influence and turn to Him.

So that's really the point. The power of Good is there to save us. We just have to choose to use that power. We know that the good guys are going to win, but we just have to be one of the good guys.

I have thought of bringing in a kind of allegorical story that is told in my story about a Christlike figure who went on a quest to save humanity. What he did didn't cause evil powers to cease to exist immediately. It made a way to escape evil so if one so chose, evil could have no power over him or her.

2. What are we fighting for?

Not just “all that is good and green”. Sure, it's sad when orcs go stomping through forests and chopping down trees for no reason, but I don't think that's really what it's all about. ...And I'm sick and tired of stories about how the evil or thoughtless humans are killing off dragons so they're now on the endangered species list, etc. Think about it. When you're in some kind of trouble or you just accomplished something great, who's going to be there for you? Your family and friends? I hope so. Your friendly forest beasts or trees? What do they care? A grizzly would just as soon eat you as sit down and listen to your problems or triumphs.

Now, suppose your friend or one of your siblings needs you. Are you going to be there for them, or just expect them to find support from a friendly rock or an ant scurrying by? It wasn't the pretty trees of Lothlorien that helped Frodo accomplish his task. It was his loyal friend, Sam, whom he could trust.

You're not going to be much more help to a person than a rock, ant, or grizzly if you haven't built some kind of trusting relationship with them. In this crazy life of ups and downs, we need strong families and friendships. Those relationships can last forever if we work at them. We can learn from each other, love and support each other, and build things together. If we neglect our relationships and let them deteriorate, what do we have left? Maybe money, a house, some trees, some rocks... but nothing that will last.

3. How do we know which is the good side and which is the bad side?

I've already gone on about how good and evil isn't so obvious in real life as it is in the storybooks. That doesn't mean that there isn't a difference. It's just harder to detect, and it's no time to go bumbling about following whims. What on earth does “Follow your heart” mean, anyway? It's just fluff! What if your heart tells you to do something stupid that will get yourself and others into trouble?

We have to find out what is right and what is wrong, and that means finding truth – and changing our hearts where necessary.

4. What to be?

Most of the plays and movies I've seen lately all have the same theme: Be different! (Why don't they take their own advice?) Does that mean that if everyone else is not jumping off a cliff, you should jump off a cliff? This idea doesn't seem to fit all circumstances. Sure, it would be boring if we were all exactly the same and never could learn anything from each other, but we've all had the idea that being different is OK jammed into our heads. It's time for some fresh – ahem, different – ideas to think about.

How about this one: Be the best you can be.

But – but -- that means saying something is better than something else! We can't have that. It's all relative! Alright then, have a boring life of just being the same person who doesn't have to change because nothing is better than anything else.

We are free, and we can have the power and support we need to become the greatest being ever. We just have to find truth, choose the right path, accept help and help each other along the way, and work at being what we have the potential to be.

* * *

Yes, that was a very long explanation. I've said a lot of things directly here, but I hope that as I write, I'll be able to craft a good story, and also say this kind of thing in a way that readers have to dig a little. My favorite books are the ones that I can read over and over again and find some new meaning every time.

What You Need to Keep an Empire Together

The novel I'm writing is set in an empire that happens to be falling apart. Name an empire in history -- besides a relatively young one -- and it has come to an end one way or another. Some were broken up on their own. Many of them got crushed by outside forces -- but most of the time, not before they were weakened from the inside. I've written a list here, but I'd like some ideas in case I overlooked some obvious or not-so-obvious points. Although I have some general ideas, I want to pinpoint exactly what went wrong with my imaginary empire. This could also be a useful exercise for us Americans to see where we're at.* This was kind of off the top of my head, trying to remember stuff I've learned in history and humanities classes and my various readings and observations.

*The U.S. is pretty much an empire, although it's not necessarily actively expanding at the moment. Think about it: we have a lot of territory, and not just here on the mainland , much of which we conquered. You don't have to have an emperor to be an empire. Until the Caesars came along, Rome was a republic, too.

• People and Territory (That's a given.)

• Authority (No wimpy successors, please.)

  • Governors of provinces to keep things in line, especially the more distant provinces.

  • Visits to keep tabs on things, especially if you don't have cell phones, internet, etc.. Charlemagne was on the road quite a bit.

• Law (Common law is especially helpful. If you hold yourself to the same standard as everyone else, they respect you more.)

• Military

• Border Defences: Walls, military and naval bases, coast guard, natural barriers (impassable mountains, seas of death, cliffs of insanity, etc.)

• Economy:

  • Resources, producers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, consumers

  • Trade: to get resources you lack

  • Coinage

• Communications System(s)

• Roads and Transportation: Trade, communication, inspection

• Ports

• Revenue: to support military, build roads, etc.

• Diplomacy

• Strategies for dealing with rivals. Strong defense against enemies who intend to wipe you out.

• Cities: centers of economy and authority

• Education: So you don't make stupid mistakes and blow it.

• Balance between unity and autonomy. Factions are dangerous, but let people keep their identity, and don't be so controlling that people hate you.

• Incentive to not rebel. Here are some ideas:

  • Reward conquered people with privileges of citizenship. Make their situation better than before they were conquered. Make them proud to be a – whatever you are.

  • Fear only works to a certain extent. If you're an evil tyrant, people will be more likely to rebel or to help your enemies. (See ancient Mesopotamian empires.)

  • At the same time, you don't want to be a softy because people will take advantage of you. (See Shay's Rebellion.)

  • Convince people that you're a deity (Egypt) or that you have some kind of divine right – although this may not be totally honest.

  • Religion/Philosophy that teaches Moral Code. This code should encourage people to obey just laws and deal with each other honestly. Note: This should not be a state religion because if adherence to these ideas are based not only on fear of the law, but also on individual choice, people will be more motivated to adhere. There will still be dishonest criminals and corrupt authorities out there, but there will be less of them. Less resources will have to be spent on law-enforcement, and the economy and administration will run more smoothly.